First comprehensive overview of the effigy mound phenomenon of the Upper Midwest of North America c 700–1100 CE. This book provides an overview of the effigy mound phenomenon of the Upper Midwest of North America, centered on southern Wisconsin. Between c. AD 700 and 1100, Late Woodland people of the Upper Midwest used the topography and other natural features to create vast ceremonial landscapes consisting of thousands of earthen mounds sculpted into animals and animal spirits (bears, birds, panthers, snakes, etc.) that mirrored their belief and clan-based social structure and served an important role in mortuary ritual. In so doing, the Late Woodland people created quite visible three-dimensional maps of ancient cosmology and social structures that are similar to the beliefs and social systems of more recent Native people. The effigy landscapes of this region are unique. The authors document the nature of the effigy mound landscapes, describing the use of topography and natural features to create them, and provide the interpretation that these were living landscapes in which ancestral animals and the supernatural were ritually brought back to life in a continuous cycle of death and rebirth of the earth and its people. Subsistence patterns, artifacts, settlement systems, and changes in these through the effigy building era are examined and effigy mound societies are compared and contrasted with preceding and succeeding societies, as well as contemporaneous societies in adjacent regions. Examples are drawn from throughout the effigy mound region. The book is profusely illustrated with high quality historical and modern maps, photographs of effigy mounds including aerials, and LiDAR imagery providing three-dimensional images. Table of Contents 1. The effigy mounds of the Upper Midwest The effigy mound region Late Woodland effigy mound tradition Effigy mound construction Mound arrangements and distribution Celestial orientations Native American traditions The rise and demise of the effigy mound tradition Reconstructing effigy mound landscapes 2. The history of effigy mound research Early descriptions and speculations Twentieth century effigy mound research Mound excavation Placing ancient cultures in time Camps, villages, and rock shelters A new nationwide preservation movement An ideological approach to the effigy mounds New research 3. Cosmology, geography, and the underlying structure of effigy mound landscapes Roots of effigy mounds ceremonialism Mound forms Enclosures Effigy mound groupings and landscapes Summary 4. The evolution of effigy mound landscapes The first people The Archaic tradition The Woodland tradition 5. The Four Lakes: a key example of an effigy mound landscape A tour of the Four Lakes ceremonial landscape Appendix: Effigy mounds and effigy mound groups that can be viewed by the public Bibliography Robert Birmingham is a senior lecturer in Anthropology at the Univerisy of Wisconsin, and Former State Archaeologist for Wisconsin. His main research interests are in the effigy mound complexes of the midwest and the belief systems of their creators, Mississipian cultures and the ancient city of Aztalan, Wisconsin Amy L. Rosebrough is State Archaeologist for Wisconsin and a leading expert on the effigy mound builders. She completed her PhD in the Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2010. She has substantial experience in the regional archaeology scene and her work has spanned public, private and educational sectors of archaeology, including within the Wisconsin Archaeological Society and Archaeological Research, Inc. (ARI).