This book picks up where the three following books left off; The Artemis Lunar Program: Returning People to the Moon, - The Search for Water on the Moon: Landers and Rovers in the 21st Century, and, - Artemis Base Camp: The First Step While they described the Artemis Program, they only touched on the fact that NASA would have to explore and discover water ice and develop the capabilities to extract water, oxygen and minerals. They did not fully describe what would be required to actually accomplish this. Just how will the crews find and extract these resources and process them into useful products? Those books described the lunar exploration program and covered a time period from the announcement of a “notational plan” for a return to the Moon in 2019 to about 2033. This includes the first uncrewed flight of Artemis 1 launched on November 16, 2022; the planned flight of Artemis II is currently planned for November 2024 but could easily slip to 2025. The first Artemis crewed lunar landing is planned for late 2025. From then on, the flights are focused on establishing the Lunar Gateway and getting the necessary equipment to the lunar surface to establish a base of operations. So, from the first Artemis flight in 2022 to the delivery of the habitat, vehicles, equipment, and logistics will take about 11 years. It is at this point that the program can actually begin to explore and prospect the lunar surface for the resources necessary for a “sustained human presence” on the Moon. Historically, there haven’t been many missions to the surface of the Moon since the Apollo era. Since the turn of this century, there have only been a few that landed successfully and several that have crashed. Fortunately, we don’t have to wait too much longer to get some real evidence of what the future crews are up against, as far as prospecting and exploiting the lunar resources are concerned. The Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1 (PRIME-1) is a robotic NASA Lunar landing project designed to explore for water ice on the Moon. It will be launched on the Nova-C IM-2 mission in 2024 to a permanently shadowed region (PSR) near Shackleton Crater. For the first time, NASA will robotically sample and analyze regolith for ice from below the surface. VIPER is a lunar rover planned to be delivered by the Astrobotic’s Griffin lunar lander to the Nobile crater area of the Moon in November 2024. The rover will be tasked with prospecting for lunar resources in PSRs, especially by mapping the distribution and concentration of water ice. The NASA VIPER mission is designed to precisely collect the kind of ground-truth information required to start a quantitative lunar resource assessment. It is only after the results of these missions that the science community will get a better understanding of what they can reasonably expect to get out of the lunar regolith and soil. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides an example of the amount of lunar regolith that would need to be processed to produce 1 liter of water. The concentration of extractable hydroxyl and water molecules bound to the lunar regolith is typically about 10 parts per million (ppm) but may be as high as 100 ppm in favorable locations near the poles (e.g. in PSR’s). Fast forward now to a time when the Gateway has been established, there have been many flights to the Moon, the basic equipment is there, a “bivouac” has been established and the crew is ready to “get down and dirty”. The year is 2034? Serious Artemis resource prospecting, assessment, acquisition and processing have begun. But, the vision many people have of an Artemis Base Camp with a sustained human presence and crews building facilities, mining and manufacturing plants; is still very far off.