Rael examines antebellum black protest thought in the North and its contribution to black self-definition in America. He shows how black leaders transcended class and other divisions among themselves to challenge racial inequality by drawing on such cherished American values as equality of opportunity, universal suffrage, and moral and civic virtue. “This important work will enhance our understanding and appreciation of antebellum black thought.” — CHOICE “Offer[s] insight into the lives, thoughts, and political strategies of free black Americans. . . . A useful study that adds to the growing body of literature on antebellum black America.” — Civil War Book Review “Rael’s scholarship is meticulous and creative, revealing an unquestionable sympathy with the subjects of this study.” — American Historical Review “A brilliant but also heartrending book, for it shows that northern black intellectuals grossly underestimated the virulence of white racism. . . . Where Rael’s account is most revealing, however, is in showing the extent to which issues that have dominated subsequent debate . . . were among the issues discussed by the black intellectuals of the antebellum years. . . . Anyone looking for an introduction to the subtleties of black thinking on the subject of race and group identity could hardly do better than start here.” — Journal of American Studies “Will become the definitive work on northern black antebellum thought for some time and, like all good works, will stimulate further research into areas like gender and class tensions, comparative studies of black nationalism, and the meaning and influence of religion in northern black thought.” — Journal of Southern History “In recent years so much attention has been given to African American slaves that we are all the more in need of a comprehensive book like Patrick Rael’s Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North , which serves as a prelude to post-emancipation black history. Showing that earlier free blacks necessarily drew on Enlightenment and Revolutionary ideals (which by definition were as universalistic as science and mathematics, and therefore not 'white'), Rael depicts free African Americans' efforts to deal with 'character,' 'uplift,' 'nation,' and 'historical progress' in the midst of a virulently racist world. The resulting early black protest literature thus served as a seedbed for such later black leaders as Du Bois, King, and the advocates of both Black Power and proud assimilation.” — David Brion Davis, Yale University “In recent years so much attention has been given to African American slaves that we are all the more in need of a comprehensive book like Patrick Rael’s Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North , which serves as a prelude to post-emancipation black history. Showing that earlier free blacks necessarily drew on Enlightenment and Revolutionary ideals (which by definition were as universalistic as science and mathematics, and therefore not 'white'), Rael depicts free African Americans' efforts to deal with 'character,' 'uplift,' 'nation,' and 'historical progress' in the midst of a virulently racist world. The resulting early black protest literature thus served as a seedbed for such later black leaders as Du Bois, King, and the advocates of both Black Power and proud assimilation.” — David Brion Davis, Yale University Early black protest thought and its contribution to black self-definition Patrick Rael is associate professor of history at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Used Book in Good Condition