This book considers China’s recent engagement in the Middle East, to what extent its approach has fundamentally changed, and how this role change has been received by regional and other actors. Based on content analysis, qualitative interviews, and archival records analysis, the author examines the evolution of Beijing’s involvement in the region. Analysis of first-hand and full-sample data contributes to the role theory literature and has important policy implications, as it points out the main difference between established powers such as the United States and EU and rising extra regional powers and sheds light on what China’s growing economic, political, and strategic clout means for the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East. This text will be of interest to scholars and students of politics, international relations, China’s foreign policy, and Middle Eastern and North African studies, along with journalists, researchers of think tanks, analysts of investment banks and transnational enterprises, and policymakers. Chuchu Zhang is an associate professor at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs and deputy director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, at Fudan University, China. She was a research fellow at the Shanghai Academy of Global Governance and Area Studies. Dr. Zhang receives her PhD in Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, UK. Her research focuses on China-Middle Eastern relations, China’s foreign policy, the Belt and Road Initiative, and international political economy.