Why did the French Revolution, informed by Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, end in the Great Reign of Terror? How could once moral citizens transform themselves into bloodthirsty "guillotine cannibals" bent on slaughtering their political opponents? For generations, these questions have mystified historians. Until now. In Citizens and Cannibals , noted scholar Eli Sagan argues that France's failed evolution into a modern state introduced to the world a previously unknown scourge with catastrophic consequences: ideological terror. France's passage into social and political modernity held for its citizens both great promise and great anxiety. Sagan analyzes this anxiety and demonstrates why the ensuing ideological terror is common to many societies in transition, including the transformations of Weimar to Nazi Germany, Czarist to Soviet Russia, and agrarian to Communist China. While the French Revolution may have introduced ideological terror to the world, Sagan makes it clear that Hitler, Stalin, and other dictators have perpetuated its existence time after time. In fact, Sagan concludes that the seeds of ideological terror remain present in all modernizing societies, at all times, and if given the proper conditions they will germinate in a very predictable way. As in his previous books, Sagan explores the past to illuminate the political strengths and moral shortcomings of all democratic societies, past, present, and future. With this brilliant new analysis of the French Revolution, he reminds us once again that the past can still teach us a great deal about our modern predicament-specifically, why all political progress must come at grave cost. Citizens and Cannibals is a rigorous work of history and profound psychological insight that offers readers the most comprehensive explanation of the great ambiguities and contradictions of the modern world. In this important, timely, and extremely complex book, independent scholar and prolific author Sagan blends history, sociology, psychology, and political science in an attempt to answer a key question: why did the French Revolution, inspired by Enlightenment ideals of equality, liberty, and rationality, degenerate into terror and fanaticism? He sees the failure to answer this question as a key omission in historical and sociological scholarship. Utilizing an impressive array of sources, Sagan argues that the failures and paradoxes of the revolution can be explained by seeing 18th-century France as a society struggling to enter modernity. While Sagan includes some descriptive and narrative material on the achievements and events of the revolution, such standard historical re-counting is not his objective. Rather, he aims to use the events of the revolution as a "prism" through which to understand the concept of ideological terror as it unfolded in the all-too-frequent evil and destructive political traumas of the 20th century. His insight into the terrorist mindset of Robespierre is especially instructive. Recommended for specialists in the field and for large academic libraries. Marie Marmo Mullaney, Caldwell Coll., N.J. Copyright 2001 Reed Business Information, Inc. “History is served well in Eli Sagan's Citizens and Cannibals . Sagan provides worthy insights into the revolutionary and evolutionary processes unleashed when nations take the wrong path to democracy. If you enjoy reading history, you will want to read this book.” ― Bookviews.Com “More successfully than anyone thus far, Eli Sagan has brought us close to a real understanding of the causes of the French Revolutionary Terror, and thereby, to a comprehension of the greatest scourge of the twentieth century: ideological terror. Anyone intrigued by the paradoxes and contradictions of the modern world must read this book.” ―Robert Bellah, Professor of Sociology, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley; coauthor of Habits of the Heart “Robespierre-and later Lenin-were men of virtue, but the regimes they created spawned terror. Why? Eli Sagan's book is a comprehensive effort to provide an answer.” ―Daniel Bell “Eli Sagan is that great rarity-the truly independent scholar. He belongs to no school. He follows no fashion. Instead, he crafts complex, tough-minded works on huge subjects. He doesn't shy away from big questions. In this moving plea for the creation of citizens freed from the destructive burdens of resentment and paranoia, he strikes a blow for moral freedom.” ―Jean Bethke Elshtain, The Laura Spelman Rockeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics, University of Chicago; author of Just War Against Terror “ Citizens and Cannibals , by Eli Sagan, is fascinating and thought-provoking. It is a very important contribution to the study of the French Revolution and the origins of Ideological Terror.” ―Michael Kennedy, author of The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 1793-1795 “I find the book fascinating, provocative, and enormously stimulating. Sagan