The violence of Mao's China is well known, but its extreme form is not. In 1967 and 1968, during the Cultural Revolution, collective killings were widespread in rural China in the form of pubic execution. Victims included women, children, and the elderly. This book is the first to systematically document and analyze these atrocities, drawing data from local archives, government documents, and interviews with survivors in two southern provinces. This book extracts from the Chinese case lessons that challenge the prevailing models of genocide and mass killings and contributes to the historiography of the Cultural Revolution, in which scholarship has mainly focused on events in urban areas. "This is one of the best books I've read on China in recent years and the most horrible and frightening. ...Mr. Su has been triumphant." -Jonathan Mirsky, Former East Asia editor of The Times (London) Hong Kong Economic Journal "This is a truly terrific book, and long overdue too, leaving behind the well-trodden ground of the Red Guards in Beijing to focus unflinchingly on the horror of mass killings in the countryside. Yang Su has written a model of rigorous scholarship that squarely places the Cultural Revolution where it should have been all along, in the area of genocide studies on a par with Rwanda, as villagers turned against villagers, slaughtering each other in the hundreds of thousands." ―Frank Dikotter, University of Hong Kong, author of Mao's Great Famine "Theoretically, this book is the first attempt showing that the development of modern genocide is not only shaped by the ideologically charged nation state, but also by the local actors and structural forces in ways quite unintended by the state actors. Empirically, this book reminds us once again that the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) is one of the greatest tragedies of the modern world. It also turns our attention from the dynamics of the Cultural Revolution in China's urban settings to the less known stories in rural areas. This book will be on our shelves as an outstanding work in the study of the Cultural Revolution and the politics of the Chinese communist regime, genocide study, and social movement research." ―Dingxin Zhao, The University of Chicago "[H]e is genuinely concerned with understanding the complex causes of the wave of rural killing that accompanied the Cultural Revolution and, using the theoretical and methodological tools of a sociologist, he has put together a sophisticated and insightful explanation."--Joel Andreas American Journal of Sociology "Su's book will reshape scholarly understandings of China during the Cultural Revolution. It also has much to offer to scholars of comparative genocide."-Jeremy Brown, H-Net Reviews Winner, 2012 Barrington Moore Book Award in Comparative and Historical Sociology, American Sociological Association; Honorable Mention, 2012 Charles Tilly Award for Best Book in Collective Behavior and Social Movements Studies, American Sociological Association This book is the first to systematically document and analyze the atrocities surrounding the Cultural Revolution in China. Yang Su is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine. A social movement scholar, he has published work on social movements in the United States and in China. His research has appeared in flagship journals including American Sociological Review, Law and Society Review, the Journal of Asian Studies, and China Quarterly. A native of Guangdong, he holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University.