The main goal of this book is to encourage and formalize the infusion of evolutionary thinking into mainstream conservation biology. It reviews the evolutionary foundations of conservation issues, and unifies conceptual and empirical advances in evolutionary conservation biology. The book can be used either as a primary textbook or as a supplementary reading in an advanced undergraduate or graduate level course - likely to be called Conservation Biology or in some cases Evolutionary Ecology. The focus of chapters is on current concepts in evolution as they pertain to conservation, and the empirical study of these concepts. The balanced treatment avoids exhaustive reviews and overlapping duplication among the chapters. Little background in genetics is assumed of the reader. A thorough and fundamental guide to theories of conservation biology and current topics Scott P. Carroll is an evolutionary biologist in the department of entomology at UC Davis. Charles W. Fox is a professor in the department of entomology at the University of Kentucky, Lexington. He is executive editor of the journal Functional Ecology .