Elements of Physics: Including an Essay in Defense of Aristotelian Physics and a Refutation of Newtonian Mechanics

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by Proclus

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Proclus, the great commentator on Plato and the head of the Academy in the fifth century A.D., in this work entitled the "Elements of Physics" arranged Aristotelian physics into a sequence of syllogistic proofs. As Euclid composed his "Elements" as an arrangement of syllogistic proofs from axioms to increasingly more complex theorems, so also Proclus in this work arranged a sequence of arguments from Aristotle's "Physics" after the model of an axiomatic demonstrative science. The value of this book is the presentation of what the science of physics looks like through the eyes of a philosopher. Not only is this the most exemplary and clear presentation of a 'rationalist' project of physics, whereby each theorem drawn forth from axioms is proved by a concise dialectical argument, but the approach of a philosopher to such a project reveals how important is the separate consideration of the foundations of physics. For subsequent paradigms of physics are weak in this respect, that is, concerning the identification of the starting points and end point of physics. Proclus draws the foundations and starting points of physics from the sixth book of Aristotle's "Physics", wherein the primary dilemma is whether motion is continuous or discrete. Some conclusions which he draws from these principles are that everything continuous is infinitely divisible, (which shows that the foundations of physics are metaphysical as geometers take it as self-evident that lines are infinitely divisible into smaller and smaller lines yet that is proved in this work), and that there can be no motion 'at an instant'. The end point of physics is similarly a bridge to metaphysics, as this book culminates in the proof of the existence of the unmoved mover and the eternity of the circular motion of the heavens, which is caused by the unmoved mover. According to Proclus, the whole of physics ought to be aimed at establishing just that, since, as each previous theorem concerns motion, so far as the first principle of motion is unknown and not established, any science of motion would be incomplete.

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