The most striking feature of Wutong, the preeminent God of Wealth in late imperial China, was the deity’s diabolical character. Wutong was perceived not as a heroic figure or paragon but rather as an embodiment of greed and lust, a maleficent demon who preyed on the weak and vulnerable. In The Sinister Way, Richard von Glahn examines the emergence and evolution of the Wutong cult within the larger framework of the historical development of Chinese popular or vernacular religion―as opposed to institutional religions such as Buddhism or Daoism. Von Glahn’s study, spanning three millennia, gives due recognition to the morally ambivalent and demonic aspects of divine power within the common Chinese religious culture. Surveying Chinese religion from 1000 BCE to the beginning of the twentieth century, The Sinister Way views the Wutong cult as by no means an aberration. In Von Glahn’s work we see how, from earliest times, the Chinese imagined an enchanted world populated by fiendish fairies and goblins, ancient stones and trees that spring suddenly to life, ghosts of the unshriven dead, and the blood-eating spirits of the mountains and forests. From earliest times, too, we find in Chinese religious culture an abiding tension between two fundamental orientations: on one hand, belief in the power of sacrifice and exorcism to win blessings and avert calamity through direct appeal to a multitude of gods; on the other, faith in an all-encompassing moral equilibrium inhering in the cosmos. "A classic. All subsequent work in areas related to Chinese monetary history will simply have to follow in von Glahn's footsteps."—Dennis O. Flynn, author of Born with a "Silver Spoon" "An important study of a little-researched and maddeningly complex topic. It reflects a rare combination of strengths in monetary theory, more general social and economic history, and an impressive command of hard-to-find materials in both Chinese and Japanese."—Kenneth Pomeranz, author of The Making of a Hinterland "A fascinating story of the origins and development of the Wutong cult and the demonic in Chinese religion. From the Shang Dynasty down to late imperial times, Von Glahn lays before us an engaging wealth of knowledge and never-before presented data."—Steve Bokenkamp, Indiana University, and author of Early Daoist Scriptures "No other writer has explored the place of the sinister in Chinese religion in such a thoughtful and nuanced way. An excellent, gracefully written study covering major themes of the Song through Ming periods."—Patricia Ebrey, author of The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period "A classic. All subsequent work in areas related to Chinese monetary history will simply have to follow in von Glahn's footsteps."―Dennis O. Flynn, author of Born with a "Silver Spoon" "An important study of a little-researched and maddeningly complex topic. It reflects a rare combination of strengths in monetary theory, more general social and economic history, and an impressive command of hard-to-find materials in both Chinese and Japanese."―Kenneth Pomeranz, author of The Making of a Hinterland "A fascinating story of the origins and development of the Wutong cult and the demonic in Chinese religion. From the Shang Dynasty down to late imperial times, Von Glahn lays before us an engaging wealth of knowledge and never-before presented data."―Steve Bokenkamp, Indiana University, and author of Early Daoist Scriptures "No other writer has explored the place of the sinister in Chinese religion in such a thoughtful and nuanced way. An excellent, gracefully written study covering major themes of the Song through Ming periods."―Patricia Ebrey, author of The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period Richard von Glahn is Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the coeditor of The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History (2003) and The Country of Streams and Grottoes: Expansion, Settlement, and the Civilizing of the Sichuan Frontier in Song Times (1987). Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700 By Richard von Glahn University of California Press Copyright © 1996 Richard von Glahn All right reserved. ISBN: 0520204085 Introduction Bronze coin constituted the fundamental form of money in China throughout the imperial period. Fiscal as well as monetary policy under successive dynastic regimes was premised on a bronze coin economy. In China, as elsewhere, the authority to issue money remained a closely-guarded sovereign privilege. The state exercised greater direct control over money than over virtually any other facet of the economy, particularly since Chinese political economy deemed monetary policy the single most important tool of economic management at the ruler's disposal. Yet despite the enormous prestige and power imputed to sovereign control over money, from the So