Today we think of land as the paradigmatic example of property, while in the past, the paradigmatic example was often a slave. In this seminal work, James Q. Whitman asserts that there is no natural form of ownership. Whitman dives deep into the long Western history of this transformation in the legal imagination – the transformation from the ownership of humans and other living creatures to the ownership of land. This change extended over many centuries, coming to fruition only on the threshold of the modern era. It brought with it profound changes, not only in the way we understand ownership but also in the way we understand the state. Its most dramatic consequence arrived in the nineteenth century, with the final disappearance of the lawful private ownership of humans, which had been taken for granted for thousands of years. ‘A brilliant book with a bold thesis, monstrously erudite, spanning centuries of diverse legal cultures, and written with dazzling clarity and overwhelming authority. This is comparative legal history at its very best.' Robert W. Gordon, Stanford Law School, and author of Taming the Past: Essays on Law in History and History in Law ‘James Whitman presents us with a tremendously valuable and important work, erudite yet accessible, that would interest a wide readership. This study shows why history matters: that property in Western thought had transformed from control over people to control over land matters because it had left us with traces otherwise inexplicable, most particularly, the idea of absolute dominium, and the license to employ violence to obtain, maintain and secure property.' Tamar Herzog, Monroe Gutman Professor of Latin American Affairs, Harvard University ‘Whitman dazzlingly sets out the power of the legal imagination in producing and embedding historical change across the longue durée. He unpeels the palimpsest of property law in this dizzyingly intellectual book. The scholarship is immense, and the implications profound.' Hannah Skoda, Fellow and Tutor in History, St John's College, Oxford A compelling reconsideration of our most basic ideas about the nature of property. James Q. Whitman is a professor at Yale Law School. He is the author of numerous books and articles, including Hitler's American Model (2018), The Verdict of Battle (2012), The Origins of Reasonable Doubt (2008) and Harsh Justice (2003) and the recipient of many awards.