In 1943, Hitler ordered his forces to occupy the Italian mainland to protect the Third Reich's 'soft underbelly'. After the successfulthe Allied landings in Salerno, the Germans fought a series of hard, rearguard actions as the Allies slowly pushed north up the Apennines towards the Alps. These actions were based around the construction of a series of defensive lines: the Winter Line, the Gustav Line, the Hitler Line, the Caesar Line, the Gothic Line and the Voralpenstellung. This book explores the development and form of the six defensive lines constructed by the paramilitary Organisation Todt in Italy, examining the principles of defence of these key fortifications in visual depth, and discussing their fate in the wake of the Allied onslaught. Neil Short studied history at the University of Lancaster and graduated with an Honours degree. He then moved to the University of Leeds, where he completed a Master's Degree in Military History. He has published numerous books on fortifications, including a number of titles for Osprey. He lives with his wife and family in Bristol, UK. Chris Taylor attended art college in his home town, then graduated from Bournemouth University with a degree in computer graphics. He currently works as a freelance illustrator for various publishing companies. Reference Book