Heaven's Wrath explores the religious thought and religious rites of the early Dutch Atlantic world. D. L. Noorlander argues that the Reformed Church and the West India Company forged and maintained a close union, with considerable consequences across the seventeenth century. Noorlander questions the core assumptions about why the Dutch failed to establish a durable empire in America. He downplays the usual commercial explanations and places the focus instead on the tremendous expenses incurred in the Calvinist-backed war and the Reformed Church's meticulous, worried management of colonial affairs. By pinpointing the issues that hampered the size and import of the Dutch Atlantic world, Noorlander revises core notions about the organization and aims of the Dutch empire, the culture of the West India Company, and the very shape of Dutch society. Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Heaven's Wrath is a well-written and enjoyable monograph based on thorough research in an enormous collection of primary sources by an author who demonstrates joy in writing. Noorlander has written a book that is a boon for everyone interested in any religious element of the Dutch Atlantic. It will prove to be a welcome reference (in both the text itself and its footnotes) for everyone working on this general topic. ― New West Indian Guide For me, as a Dutch scholar of New Netherland, Heaven's Wrath is a nail in the coffin of the antiquated idea that New Amsterdam was founded solely 'to make a buck,'. Heaven's Wrath is a deeply impressive, even-handed, and nuanced treatment of the relationship between faith, worship, and the emerging capitalist economy of the Dutch Republic, as epitomized in the West India Company. It is an important contribution to the scholarship of the Atlantic World. ― The New England Quarterly Heaven's Wrath adds an important perspective to the growing scholarship that shows that the company's objectives were not exclusively or even largely commercial. ― William & Mary Quarterly In Heaven's Wrath , the American historian Danny Noorlander successfully disproves some of the 'most persistent claims' made in Anglo-American scholarship about the role of religion in early modern Dutch expansion. ― Low Countries Historical Review Writing with clarity, sardonic humor, and a vibrant selection of quotes from diligently mined materials, D. L. Noorlander gives a fresh account of the often-separate institutional histories of the seventeenth-century Dutch Reformed Church and the Dutch West India Company (WIC). He provides plentiful evidence that spiritual zeal drove Dutch colonization in the Atlantic, and that it was religious rigor among the WIC's administrators and their colonial directors and ministers, not laxity, that prevented the widespread conversion of conquered or neighboring populations. ― Early American Literature Noorlander, fluent in Dutch, exploits both English and Dutch sources to good effect. He shines a bright light on how churchmen forged a moral edge to the commercial ambitions of the West India Company. With "God and Mammon" cast as "partners" in the era of Dutch Atlantic expansion―and near equal partners at that―Noorlander presents a significant correction to the popular view that only New England Puritans can claim the mantle of sublime religious motivation for their colonial conquests. ― Journal of British Studies Heaven's Wrath is a groundbreaking work that will become the standard for those seeking to understand the role of the DRC [Dutch Reformed Church] and WIC [West India Company] in the early modern Atlantic world. ― Church History In Heaven's Wrath , Noorlander provides a new focused study of the Netherlands' Atlantic Empire that dismisses one old idea and breathes new life into another as part of his analysis of Calvinist influence in the West India Company (WIC). He effectively challenges prevailing truisms regarding the Dutch Empire in West Africa, Brazil, the Caribbean, and New Netherland. ― Pennsylvania History D. L. Noorlander has written an effective, strongly argued examination of the Dutch Republic and the colonial enterprise of the West India Company. -- Hans Krabbendam, Radboud University, author of Freedom on the Horizon D. L. Noorlander is Assistant Professor of History at the State University of New York at Oneonta. Follow him on X @DLNoorlander.