Winner: Scribes Book Award Telling lies, and falling for them, is one of the things that makes us human. The vast majority of these falsehoods are harmless and perfectly legal. But when someone deceives another for material gain or profit, inflicting injury in the process, we give this kind of lie a special label: fraud. Most people are familiar with the concept and understand that fraud is prohibited by law. What many fail to appreciate, however, is that the law does not treat all frauds equally. If you defraud an individual, you might end up in prison. On the other hand, if you defraud millions of people—what Wes Henricksen calls “fraud on the public”—you might end up wealthy or powerful, or even get elected president. In a perverse sense, the bigger the fraud, the more likely it is protected by the First Amendment and therefore legal. As a result, many of the largest and most destructive fraud schemes are allowed, encouraged, and richly rewarded. Examples of fraud on the public are everywhere. The fossil fuel industry long used PR firms and lobbyists to spread disinformation about oil’s role in climate change. Sugar companies misled the public about the dangers of high-fructose corn syrup, redirecting the public’s attention to fat. Cigarette manufacturers famously lied about the risks of tobacco, and opioid makers lied about the effects of the drug. Social media influencers and fringe media outlets promoted false claims about the COVID-19 pandemic being a government hoax. Others claimed that vaccines were part of a sinister plot. Politicians on both sides of the aisle lie with such regularity that people have become deeply cynical about whether to believe anything they say. Henricksen shows that large-scale fraud is carried out for many reasons beyond financial profit, including political gain, the prevention of justice, and the falsification of history. In addition to exposing the depths of the problem, Henricksen gives readers a way forward. He proposes we call these massive deceit campaigns by their proper name; that we “de-weaponize” the First Amendment, which was never meant to shield swindlers; and that we enact new laws that protect the public from fraud. By revealing for the first time the root legal cause of the misinformation crisis and presenting novel solutions, In Fraud We Trust speaks to the present moment as it offers answers for the future. “Disinformation is one of the greatest threats to democracy, yet we have few legal tools to fight it. That’s because our laws against fraud were built for a pre-internet world where it was easy to defraud someone but incredibly difficult to defraud everyone. Henricksen shows how our antiquated legal system can be updated to hold the fraudsters of the twenty-first century accountable, from social media companies to politicians.”— Justin P. McBrayer , author of Beyond Fake News: Finding the Truth in A World of Misinformation “In In Fraud We Trust , Wes Henricksen tackles the problem of lying—a problem of existential importance to a healthy democracy—with fresh eyes and an open, determined mind. His discussion of the harms threatened by lies, as well as the challenges posed by efforts to regulate lies, is original, comprehensive, and fair. Just as important, he then proposes solutions to these challenges that are both provocative and plausible.”— Helen Norton , author of The Government’s Speech and the Constitution “While far from being an attack on free speech, In Fraud We Trust is sure to trigger First-Amendment absolutists. Law professor Wes Henricksen presents thoughtful, carefully researched legal arguments as to why speech that defrauds the public at large is no more protected under the Constitution of the United States than examples of non-protected speech such as child pornography, defamation, or securities fraud. In Fraud We Trust also outlines how changes in the way laws on fraud are written and are currently enforced might actually slow down if not stop our seemingly inevitable march into a post-truth world.”— Donald A. Barclay , author of Disinformation: The Nature of Facts and Lies in the Post-Truth Era “In this tour de force of interdisciplinary scholarship that could not be more timely, Wes Henricksen masterfully synthesizes insights from institutional economics, behavioral psychology, and regulatory theory to illuminate the systemic mechanisms that enable institutional fraud to metastasize throughout our power structures. Through meticulous analysis of primary sources and empirical evidence, Henricksen constructs a compelling framework that explicates how the intricate symbiosis between political, corporate, and media elites perpetuates information asymmetries and regulatory capture. This groundbreaking work transcends mere critique to advance a sophisticated normative agenda for structural reform, offering policymakers and scholars alike a rigorous blueprint for rehabilitating our democratic institutions through enhanced transpa