Xenophobia, paranoia, and racism have long challenged democracy, a battle played out dramatically in the concentration camps that were built, staffed, and filled with adults and children under the orders of the U.S. government. Beginning in the nineteenth century with the imprisonment of Native Americans, camps reappeared during World War II with the roundup of Japanese Americans, German Americans, Italian Americans, and Jews fleeing Nazi Germany. They resurfaced recently when Homeland Security awarded a major contract to a subsidiary of Halliburton for the construction of new camps.             In Inside America's Concentration Camps, author James L. Dickerson explores the history and the tragedy of the camps in a vivid narrative that brings the stories of the victims and the flaws of our government to life. Rebecca Neugin, Eleanor Berg, Roy Abbey, Marino Sichi, Louise Ogawa—these are some of the children and adults whose stories are found here, along with accounts of the U.S. government yanking children out of orphanages to imprison them in the camps.             To fight the erosion of democracy, Americans must remain aware of threats to our democratic ideals and understand where we have been. Inside America's Concentration Camps is an authoritative history, a heartbreaking and inspirational story of survival, and a call to action.  "James Dickerson has opened long-closed doors to detail our nation's shameful reliance on concentration camp justice in time of war and internal division. This book should be required reading in every American high school and college—and for every President."  —Hodding Carter III, author, journalist, educator, and former U.S. assistant secretary of state for public affairs "Points us to a future where fear and failed political leadership continue plans for concentration camps, continue to threaten individual liberties, and allow bad things to happen to good people; stories until now related only by those who had suffered from behind the razor wire fences."  —Mayumi Nakazawa, author, Yuri: The Life and Times of Yuri Kochiyama "James Dickerson is ringing out a warning—the light that we see at the end of the tunnel has turned out to be a train after all. A train which, if not stopped, will take away our freedom, our way of life, and finally us."  —Steve Gardner, author, Rambling Mind James L. Dickerson is an investigative journalist and the author of Devil’s Sanctuary , North to Canada , and Yellow Fever. He was a staff writer at the Clarion-Ledger/Jackson Daily News , the Commercial Appeal , the Delta Democrat-Times , the Greenwood Commonwealth ,   and the Tallahassee Democrat. Inside America's Concentration Camps Two Centuries of Internment and Torture By James Dickerson Chicago Review Press Incorporated Copyright © 2010 James L. Dickerson All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-55652-806-4 Contents Author's Note, Introduction, Prologue: From Sea to Shining Sea, PART I: NUNNA DUAL TSUNY (THE TRAIL WHERE THEY CRIED), 1 The Origins of Internment in Colonial America, 2 Walking the Trail of Tears, PART II: CAMPS THAT WILL LIVE IN INFAMY, 3 Pearl Harbor Under Attack, 4 Executive Order 9066, 5 Manzanar's Gateway to Hell, 6 Life in an Arkansas Swamp, 7 Eastward Ho to the Wild, Wild West, 8 The Konzentrationslager Blues, 9 Italian Americans Dodge a Bullet, 10 Jews Turned Away from a New Promised Land, 11 Finding Redemption in a Troubled Land, 12 Prisoner, Go Home!, 13 Righting the Wrongs, PART III: ASK NOT FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS, 14 Modern-Day Internment, 15 "Why Is This Thing Happening in This Country?", 16 Which Camp Will You Someday Call Home?, Acknowledgments, Notes, Bibliography, Index, CHAPTER 1 THE ORIGINS OF INTERNMENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA Scotsmen began immigrating to America only four years before John Turner was exiled to the colonies. By the time of his arrival more than seven hundred Scots had settled in a colony in New Jersey. Perhaps because of his nightmarish experiences in Scotland, Turner found life in a colony under British control not to his liking, primarily because of the fierce violence inflicted on Native Americans and the subsequent retribution inflicted on the settlers by the Indians. He traveled north into the New York wilderness and found work with a rowdy band of trappers who worked the forest north into Canada, where they gathered pelts that they sold to the colonists. For five years, John traveled with the trappers throughout New York and across the St. Lawrence River into Quebec. It was on the St. Lawrence that he met explorer Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, who told him about a paradise he had discovered on Lake Michigan, near what is now called South Bend, Indiana. In 1693, after skirmishes with the Indians in northern New York and with English soldiers who demanded his valuable trappers' pelts, John left the trappers and headed south to Maryland, a territ