How encounters with the Roman Empire compelled the Jews of antiquity to rethink their conceptions of Israel and the Torah Throughout their history, Jews have lived under a succession of imperial powers, from Assyria and Babylonia to Persia and the Hellenistic kingdoms. Jews and Their Roman Rivals shows how the Roman Empire posed a unique challenge to Jewish thinkers such as Philo, Josephus, and the Palestinian rabbis, who both resisted and internalized Roman standards and imperial ideology. Katell Berthelot traces how, long before the empire became Christian, Jews came to perceive Israel and Rome as rivals competing for supremacy. Both considered their laws to be the most perfect ever written, and both believed they were a most pious people who had been entrusted with a divine mission to bring order and peace to the world. Berthelot argues that the rabbinic identification of Rome with Esau, Israel's twin brother, reflected this sense of rivalry. She discusses how this challenge transformed ancient Jewish ideas about military power and the use of force, law and jurisdiction, and membership in the people of Israel. Berthelot argues that Jewish thinkers imitated the Romans in some cases and proposed competing models in others. Shedding new light on Jewish thought in antiquity, Jews and Their Roman Rivals reveals how Jewish encounters with pagan Rome gave rise to crucial evolutions in the ways Jews conceptualized the Torah and conversion to Judaism. "Winner of the National Jewish Book Award in Scholarship" "Destined to constitute one of the main bases of discussion on Jews and Rome for years to come." ---Catherine Hezser, Journal for the Study of Judaism "Illuminating. . . . Bertholet’s book, a work of erudite scholarship, opens new vistas into an understanding of the events and dynamics that shaped Rome’s relationship with Jews over several centuries." ---Sheldon Kirshner, The Times of Israel "Insightful . . . [ Jews and Their Roman Rivals ] is a refreshing surprise." ---Sara Jo Ben Zvi, Segula "A broad and ambitious book. . . . [ Jews and their Roman Rivals ] will be an important reference point for years to come." ---Amit Gvaryahu, Bryn Mawr Classical Review "[An] excellent and generative work." ---Christopher S. Atkins, Religious Studies Review "A brilliant work of meticulous scholarship. Marshaling an exhaustive array of evidence, Berthelot explores central features of late antique Jewish culture as a response to the unique challenge that pagan Rome posed to the self-conception and ideology of Israel. This book is an absolute pleasure to read." —Christine Hayes, author of What's Divine about Divine Law? "Drawing on a wealth of recent scholarship, this book will be of interest to historians of both Judaism and ancient Rome." —Martin Goodman, author of A History of Judaism Katell Berthelot is a CNRS Professor of Ancient Judaism at Aix-Marseille University in France. Her books include In Search of the Promised Land? The Hasmonean Dynasty between Biblical Models and Hellenistic Diplomacy .