NIGHT WITCHES The Women Who Terrorized the Wehrmacht and Vanished from History They flew wooden biplanes through darkness. They had no radios, no armor, no parachutes. They were teenagers given obsolete aircraft and impossible missions. And they terrified the most powerful military machine in Europe. In 1941, as Nazi forces swept across the Soviet Union, Marina Raskova convinced Stalin to do the unthinkable: deploy women as combat pilots. What emerged was the 588th Night Bomber Regiment—young women flying 1920s crop-dusting biplanes on nocturnal bombing raids against German positions. The Wehrmacht called them Nachthexen —Night Witches—because the soft whoosh of their gliding aircraft sounded like witches on broomsticks. German soldiers lay awake in terror, listening for that sound in the darkness. Over four years of brutal combat, these women flew 23,672 combat sorties —more missions than most bomber crews flew in their entire careers. They dropped over 3,000 tons of bombs. They flew without parachutes for two years because Soviet command valued explosives over their lives. Thirty-two died in action. Twenty-three earned the Hero of the Soviet Union medal—the highest military decoration their nation could award. Then, six months after victory, they were disbanded. Excluded from Moscow's victory parade because their aircraft were "too slow." Written out of Soviet military histories. Systematically forgotten by the nation they had saved. Based on declassified military records, German Wehrmacht documents, and testimony from the last surviving veterans, Night Witches reconstructs both the extraordinary combat achievements and the deliberate erasure that followed. This is the story of women who proved that courage has no gender—and of a state that found their heroism too inconvenient to remember. "They told us our aircraft were too slow for the victory parade. Those same aircraft had been good enough to send us to die in." —Nadezhda Popova, 852 combat missions