As Protestantism expanded across the Atlantic world in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, most evangelists were not white Anglo-Americans, as scholars have long assumed, but members of the same groups that missionaries were trying to convert. Native Apostles offers one of the most significant untold stories in the history of early modern religious encounters, marshalling wide-ranging research to shed light on the crucial role of Native Americans, Africans, and black slaves in Protestant missionary work. The result is a pioneering view of religion’s spread through the colonial world. From New England to the Caribbean, the Carolinas to Africa, Iroquoia to India, Protestant missions relied on long-forgotten native evangelists, who often outnumbered their white counterparts. Their ability to tap into existing networks of kinship and translate between white missionaries and potential converts made them invaluable assets and potent middlemen. Though often poor and ostracized by both whites and their own people, these diverse evangelists worked to redefine Christianity and address the challenges of slavery, dispossession, and European settlement. Far from being advocates for empire, their position as cultural intermediaries gave native apostles unique opportunities to challenge colonialism, situate indigenous peoples within a longer history of Christian brotherhood, and harness scripture to secure a place for themselves and their followers. Native Apostles shows that John Eliot, Eleazar Wheelock, and other well-known Anglo-American missionaries must now share the historical stage with the black and Indian evangelists named Hiacoomes, Good Peter, Philip Quaque, John Quamine, and many more. “This groundbreaking monograph explores the critical roles played by Native Americans, Africans, and enslaved blacks in the spread of Protestant Christianity throughout the Atlantic world during the 17th and 18th centuries. Andrews deftly brings these forgotten missionaries to the fore, noting that their European counterparts, while seeking to spread Christianity, were not able to learn aboriginal languages and were unwilling to live in the same manner as native peoples. Various Protestant groups thus actively recruited African and Native American missionaries to spread the gospel on their behalf. Although the missions examined here were established in such disparate locales as Iroquoia, Africa, and the Caribbean, these groups were aware of the activities of others and found kinship in their shared Christianity. Over time, and to the chagrin of many of their parent religious organizations, each native group came to shape its version of Protestantism to form a unique Christian identity that appealed to its cultural norms and enabled it to create a community significantly independent of the colonizers...[A] fascinating work.” ― John R. Burch , Library Journal (starred review) “ Andrews has written a book that helps historians rethink not only native and enslaved peoples’ involvement in the process of missionizing but also the very forms and dynamics of religious history during the colonial period…In an argument that is simultaneously provocative and convincing, Andrews shows us that African and Indian Christians were part of the creation, organization, and even flourishing of mission life throughout the British Atlantic in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.” ― Christopher J. Bilodeau , Massachusetts Historical Review “Recent studies of indigenous people’s encounters with Christianity have emphasized Native agency in adopting, resisting, and adapting to Christian overtures. Historian Andrews goes one step further and examines the lives of many American Indians (and some Africans) in the British colonies who became Protestant evangelists among their own and neighboring peoples.” ― C. T. Vecsey , Choice “A very welcome addition. Based on an impressive number of sources by white, black, and Indian evangelists writing on both sides of the Atlantic, Native Apostles demonstrates that Indians and people of African descent were far more central and active agents in the transatlantic and circum-Atlantic evangelical movement than previously thought.” ― Vincent Carretta, author of Equiano, the African: Biography of a Self-Made Man “With attention to complexity and nuance, Edward Andrews narrates the gripping story of hundreds of people of color who worked to spread Christianity in North America, the Caribbean, and West Africa. Our understanding of the religious encounter in the British Atlantic will never be the same.” ― Erik R. Seeman, author of Death in the New World: Cross-Cultural Encounters, 1492-1800 “ Edward Andrews convincingly shows how native American and African populations took control of their encounters with Christianity in the age of empire and slavery. Native Apostles is an impressive tour through the spiritual kaleidoscope of the Atlantic world.” ― Jon F. Sensbach, author of Rebe