Conflict or concord? Histories of Islam from its early seventh century beginnings in Arabia often portray its explosive growth into the wider Middle East as a story of struggle and conquest of the Christian people of Greater Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Alternatively these histories suggest that as often as not the conquerors were welcomed by the conquered and their existing monotheistic faiths of Christianity and Judaism tolerated and even allowed to flourish. In this short but in depth survey of the almost nine centuries that passed from the beginning of the spread of Islam up to the Ottoman Turkish conquest of Syria and Egypt beginning in 1516, Constantin Panchenko offers a more complex portrayal that opens up fresh vistas of understanding of these centuries focusing on the impact that the coming of Islam had on the Orthodox Christian communities of the Middle East and in particular the interplay of their Greek cultural heritage and experience of increasing Arabization. PRAISE FOR ARAB ORTHODOX CHRISTIANS "An excellent work that offers a first-rate introduction to the main themes and sources of Orthodox Christianity in the early modern period...Panchenko has written a masterful, exhaustive study of the life of Arab Orthodox Christians..." —John-Paul A. Ghobrial, Department of History, Balliol College, University of Oxford "a must-read for all who love the Antiochian church...Knowledge brings understanding and wisdom." —James Babcock, Editor-in-Chief, SOPHIA "... the current contribution by Constantin Panchenko deserves a wide readership." —Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Director of the Institute for Eastern Christianity, Radboud University Samuel Noble is a doctoral researcher at the Faculty of Theology and Religion Studies at the Louvain Centre for Eastern and Oriental Christianity at KU, Leuven in Belgium. He is the co-editor of The Orthodox Church in the Arab World: An Anthology of Sources, 700-1700 (Northern Illinois University Press, 2014) and co-translator of Arab Orthodox Christians under the Ottomans: 1516-1831  (Holy Trinity Seminary Press, 2016). Brittany Pheiffer Noble holds an M.A. in Religion from Yale University School of Divinity and a doctorate in Russian Literature from Columbia University, New York. She is the co-translator with Samuel Noble of Arab Orthodox under the Ottomans: 1518-1831 (Holy Trinity Seminary Press, 2016). Constantin A. Panchenko is an Associate Professor, Department of Middle and Near East History, Institute of Asian and African Studies, at the Lomonosov Moscow State University. He is the author of Arab Orthodox Christians under the Ottomans: 1516-1831 (Holy Trinity Seminary Press,2016) as well as numerous academic publications, including two monographs, collections of essays, articles and abstracts on the history of the Middle East. His major sphere of interest is the history of the Christian Arabs, particularly the Middle Eastern Greek Orthodox community in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period.