Twenty of the American Presidents were Guardians, fourteen were Artisans, eight were Rationalists, and none were Idealists. Half of them did what was sanctioned by law, the rest did what would get the job done, with or without legal authority. Their inborn temperament and acquired methods for getting results pre-determined their results before, during, and after their presidency. The authors say temperament dominates circumstances in determining presidential behaviour, in war and peace, in prosperity and depression, in domestic and foreign politics. Dr. David West Keirsey was raised in Califonia. His interest in psychology happened in the 1940's duirig his World War II service as a U.S. Marine fighter pilot serving in the Pacific. The one book Keirsey carried with him throughout his entire war service as a psychology book; this book was the first spark of his journey into the field of personality. After the war, at Pomona College and the Claremont Graduate School, Keirsey began his research and study of human behaviour. As he researched historical literature in psychology, philosophy, and the sciences, he became intrigued by the patterns of four temperaments. These four distinct patterns of human behaviour were woven throughout history, dating back to such figures as Hippocrates and Galen. Used Book in Good Condition