This book hosts a vast collection of essays, speeches, and reports on the pressing reforms needed in the care of the poor, sick, and criminal that engaged the intellect and passion of the late 19th century. Through the insights of those who lived it, the book illuminates the profound intellectual and social changes that occurred during this time. The essays in this volume shed light on the ideological and practical challenges to charitable reform and the establishment of humane penal and mental health systems. Of particular insight is the shift toward scientifically informed approaches to social welfare and the recognition of social and environmental influences on human outcomes. This book will enthrall anyone interested in the history of social welfare, the evolution of humane and effective correctional systems, and the ongoing struggle to address these pressing social issues.