From the 1920s through the 1950s, American Communists established children's organizations, after-school programs, and summer camps with the aim of developing revolutionary consciousness in the minds of the younger generation. In organizations such as the Young Pioneers of America and summer camps such as Camp Kinderland, located in New York, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and California, more than 20,000 children learned about Communist doctrines, played games designed to foster radical beliefs, and sometimes actively participated in key Communist causes and events - from May Day parades to labour strikes and political demonstrations. ...well researched and thorough. I recommend it for historians interested in the history of radicalism and the left in the United States... historians of the family and of ethnic history would also find it of considerable value. -- Mark McColloch ― Industrial and Labor Relations Review A compassionate, coherent and cogent narrative of an idealistic cadre of radicals, once upon a time in America, who tried to transform society from the bottom up. ― Science & Society Raising Reds is a most impressive approach to exploring aspects of radical childraising from the 1920s into the 1950s, the heyday of the Communist Party in the United States -- Ronald D. Cohen, Indiana University Northwest ― History of Education Quarterly An informative history. -- Joan Wallach Scott ― Lingua Franca Paul C. Mishler is a labor educator and historian currently teaching at the Labor Relations and Research Center at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.