Before invasion, Turtle Island-or North America-was home to vibrant cultures that shared long-standing philosophical precepts. The most important and wide-spread of these was the view of reality as a collaborative binary known as the Twinned Cosmos of Blood and Breath. This binary system was built on the belief that neither half of the cosmos can exist without its twin. Both halves are, therefore, necessary and good. Western anthropologists typically shorthand the Twinned Cosmos as "Sky and Earth" but this erroneously saddles it with Christian baggage and, worse, imposes a hierarchy that puts sky quite literally above earth. None of this Western ideology legitimately applies to traditional Indigenous American thought, which is about equal cooperation and the continual recreation of reality. Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath examines traditional historical concepts of spirituality among North American Indians both at and, to the extent it can be determined, before contact. In doing so, Barbara Alice Mann rescues the authentically indigenous ideas from Western, and especially missionary, interpretations. In addition to early European source material, she uses Indian oral traditions, traced as much as possible to their earliest versions and sources, and Indian records, including pictographs, petroglyphs, bark books, and wampum. Moreover, Mann respects each Indigenous culture as a discrete unit, rather than generalizing them as is often done in Western anthropology. To this end, she collates material in accordance with actual historical, linguistic, and traditional linkages among the groups at hand, with traditions clearly identified by group and, where recorded, by speaker. In this way she provides specialists and non-specialists alike a window into the purportedly lost, and often caricatured, world of Indigenous American thought. "Mann's book raises some interesting and valuable contributions about forms of balance that are central to many Native North American religious traditions. As someone whose area of expertise lies outside the field of Native American religious studies itself, she offers a unique way of analyzing primary source material." -- Sarah Dees, Iowa State University, The Pomegranate "This latest work by Mann is a dense, in-depth look into different tribal beliefs and traditions that even some Natives may not know, especially intertribally, all strategically laced with a biting wit to drive home memorable points and object lessons. ... [the book] is very thought- provoking, so much so that at times one must stop to really consider what is being said. One must take time to stop and contemplate in this written form the enormity of the crimes against Native cultures and peoples." -- Red Haircrow , Native American and Indigenous Studies " Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath is a powerful testament to critical thinking focusing on the philosophical contrasts between Christian-Western and Turtle Island worldviews...Mann's Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath is an important contribution to the study of Native American lifeways."-- Reading Religion "'Authentic' has been a much-abused word in the world of Native American spirituality, populated by ersatz dream catchers, 'great spirits,' and plastic medicine men. Into this muddle, Barbara Mann in Spirits of Blood, Spirits of Breath offers a clear, lively analysis of Native American spirituality's roots that will open your eyes. Her command of the subject matter sparkles with insight. Native American history and philosophy badly needs this ground-breaking book, now." --Bruce E. Johansen, Jacob J. Isaacson Professor, University of Nebraska at Omaha Explains the ancient but understudied concept of Twinned Cosmos Barbara Alice Mann is an Associate Professor in the Jesup Scott Honors College at the University of Toledo, in Toledo, Ohio, USA. She has published widely in the areas of Native American history, women's studies, and literature. She lives and works in the Land of the Three Miamis.