THE STUDY SMART SERIES, designed for students from junior high school through lifelong learning programs, teaches skills for research and note-taking, provides exercises to improve  grammar, and reveals secrets for putting these skills together in great essays.     Test taking is a skill apart from learning course material, a skill every student must acquire in order to survive. Test-Taking Strategies is the book for anyone who has ever dreaded an exam.     Strategies for taking every kind of test are dealt with—objective tests (multiple choice, true/false, matching), essay tests, and oral exams. The authors also offer help for handling anxiety, explaining relaxation and desensitization techniques that help students control nervousness and keep it from detracting from performance. There are tips for managing time during the test, knowing when to guess, and for pulling answers out of your memory even when the question drew a blank at first glance.     Essay tests and oral exams are particularly gruesome for most students, and until now there has been very little advice for handling such tests. Test-Taking Strategies includes plenty of advice for developing ideas while under pressure. "Because test results have important consequences, a book like this one could be a life changer. . . . The advice is very practical and applicable to test takers from junior high through senior citizen level."— Library Journal "Because test results have important consequences, a book like this one could be a life changer. . . . The advice is very practical and applicable to test takers from junior high through senior citizen level."-- Library Journal Judi Kesselman-Turkel and Franklynn Peterson write and publish the newsletter CPA Computer Report. They have written hundreds of articles and more than twenty books including The Author’s Handbook , Good Writing , and The Magazine Writer’s Handbook . They live in Madison, Wisconsin. Verbal Analogy Strategies Verbal analogies are those sophisticated word problems (cat : dog = seed : ) found in SATs and other standardized tests. Typically, you are given two words that are somehow related and then told to pick out two other words that are related in the same way. These tests rarely contribute to your grades in courses, but they do determine the courses or schools to which you are admitted. STRATEGY 1: PRACTICE The best way to become good at doing verbal analogies is to practice. Find copies of similar tests from earlier years that you can work on (if the answers are available). Or work with a book like the one listed in Appendix A. It's tough to cram for verbal analogy tests. The best results come from practicing for an hour a day for several weeks before the exam. In fact, several months is none too long. STRATEGY 2: GIVE THE EXACT ANSWER CALLED FOR It doesn't matter what relationships you see between words; what counts is what relationship the test-maker sees. Often, the tester's relationship is not as sophisticated as the one you might come up with. Example: bigotry : hatred sweetness : bitterness segregation : integration equality : government fanaticism : intolerance If your first conclusion is, "Bigots hate," you probably end up trying to choose between (c) and (d) since people often equate government with equality and fanatics with intolerance. The trouble with such reasoning is that it's highly subjective; many people don't believe that bigots hate, that governments foster equality, or that fanatics are intolerant. In the above example, you might instead notice that both bigotry and hatred are forms of social excess or extreme, and thus narrow down your choices to (b) and (d) since both are considered social extremes by many people. However, in (b) the related words are opposites; in the stem, the words are not opposites. If you choose (d) as the correct answer, you're right. STRATEGY 3: TURN THE ANALOGIES INTO SENTENCES Read the analogy problems as sentences even if they aren't actually written that way. In the example given above, read, "Bigotry relates to hatred in the same way that sweetness relates to bitterness? segregation relates to integration? equality relates to government? fanaticism relates to intolerance?" STRATEGY 4: FIND A WORD FOR THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP You can work faster and more accurately if you pick out a word or, at times, two or three words that describes the relationship between the given analogy words. Here are some of the main relationships. Purpose: A is used for B the same way X is used for Y. Cause and effect: A has an effect on B the same way X has an effect on Y. Part to whole (or individual to group): A is part of B the same way X is part of Y. Part to part: A and B are both parts of something the way that X and Y are both parts of something. Action to object: A is done to B the same way X is done to Y. Object to action: A does something to B just as X does something to Y. Word meaning: A means about the same as B. and X