This book surveys South African history from the discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand in the late nineteenth century to the first democratic elections in 1994. Written by many of the leading historians of the country, it pulls together four decades of scholarship to present a detailed overview of South Africa during the twentieth century. It covers political, economic, social, and intellectual developments and their interconnections in a clear and objective manner. This book, the second of two volumes, represents an important reassessment of all the major historical events, developments, and records of South Africa and will be an important new tool for students and professors of African history worldwide, as well as the basis for further development and research. This book pulls together four decades of scholarship to present a detailed overview of South Africa during the twentieth century. Robert Ross received a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1974 and has worked since then at Leiden University, The Netherlands. He has written seven books, including A Concise History of South Africa and Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony: A Tragedy of Manners, both published by Cambridge University Press in 1999. Anne Kelk Mager has worked at the University of Cape Town since receiving a Ph.D. in 1995. Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A Social History of the Ciskei, 1945–1959, her first book, was published in 1999; her second book, Beer, Sociability and Masculinity in South Africa, was published in 2010. Bill Nasson was educated at the Universities of Hull, York and Cambridge. After spending many years at the University of Cape Town, he now works at the University of Stellenbosch. The most recent of his books is The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902 (2010). He is an editor of the International Encyclopaedia of the First World War.