The papacy is commonly referred to as the world's oldest surviving institution and its capacity for survival and residual strength have long fascinated historians. This Cambridge History explores how and why the papacy has endured across the centuries. It examines its role as an instrument of authority, governance, and social and cultural influence, even as many other powerful institutions, empires, and states have disappeared or been reduced to largely ceremonial functions. Topics discussed include the papacy's relationship to secular power, including global events and political movements throughout history; its place in the governance of the Catholic Church, including its own internal structures and relationship with the Catholic hierarchy; and its entanglement in histories of art, culture, spirituality, gender, sexuality, bioethics, the environment, fashion, science, medicine, and the body. Providing new insights into how successive popes have interpreted the role of the papacy, this Cambridge History also reveals how that papal power has been contested in each historical period. ‘The Cambridge History of the Papacy offers a new sweeping and critical overview of the papacy as a multifaceted institution whose evolution over two millennia defies simplistic narratives of continuity or survival. Rather than presenting the papacy as a monolithic or static entity, the editors argue for a nuanced understanding of its historical trajectory as one marked by continual reinvention, adaptation, and contestation … These three volumes are a remarkable achievement for which the editors should be congratulated.’ Simone Maghenzani, Journal of Religious History This Cambridge History explores how and why the papacy has endured across the centuries. Joëlle Rollo-Koster has published widely on the social, cultural, religious, and political history of the late Middle Ages. She is a specialist of the Avignon Papacy and of the Great Western Schism and is a Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America. Her most recent publications are Avignon and its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015); The Great Western Schism, 1378–1417: Performing Legitimacy, Performing Unity (Cambridge University Press, 2022); and, as editor, Death in Medieval Europe: Death Scripted and Death Choreographed (Routledge, 2016). She was knighted Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques in 2016. Robert A. entresca has published widely on a diverse range of topics including the papacy in the era of the two world wars and the Holocaust. His book Soldier of Christ: The Life of Pope Pius XII (Harvard University Press, 2013) was awarded the 2014 Harry C. Koenig Prize by the American Catholic Historical Association.  He is a member of the Committee on Ethics, Religion, and the Holocaust at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC. Melodie H. Eichbauer is Professor of Medieval History at Florida Gulf Coast University. Her research focuses on the dissemination of legal knowledge and the interpretation of law, and the ways in which social, political, and intellectual developments and trends shaped both between c.1000 and c.1500. She is the author of Medieval Canon Law, 2nd ed. (an expanded and revised version of the 1st edition by James A. Brundage) (Routledge, 2022); editor of A Cultural History of Genocide, vol. 2, The Middle Ages (Bloomsbury Academic Publishers, 2021); the co-editor, with Danica Summerlin, of The Use of Canon Law in Ecclesiastical Administration, 1000–1250 (Brill, 2018); and the co-editor, with Kenneth Pennington, of Law as Profession and Practice in Medieval Europe: Essays in Honor of James A. Brundage (Ashgate, 2011). Miles Pattenden has published widely on the papacy and the Catholic Church in the Counter-Reformation and Enlightenment. He is the author of Pius IV and the Fall of the Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome (Oxford University Press, 2013) and Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450–1700 (Oxford University Press, 2017), and is writing a general history of the Catholic Church for Princeton University Press.