How reading the Declaration of Independence as a document of history explains its intended meaning Thomas Jefferson chose his words carefully. Few could have been more deliberate than “When in the Course of human events,” the phrase with which he opened the Declaration of Independence. As Steven Sarson shows, the original Declaration moved through the ages of human history from Creation to American independence, assessing it according to “the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God.” The Declaration’s history and historical consciousness therefore help answer one of American history’s great questions: How did the founders reconcile their lofty views on equality and liberty with the inequities and iniquities that they maintained in their time? The contingencies of history and the complexities of natural law, Sarson demonstrates, meant that the Declaration’s eloquent promises of equality and liberty only applied partially to women and poor men, and not at all to Loyalists, Indigenous Americans, and enslaved people.  The Declaration’s assertion that “all men are created equal” has since become a promise of universal equality and liberty. As we reach its 250th anniversary, it is important to understand its original context as well as to continue the mission of making its promises a lived reality for all. Sarson seeks to reorient our understanding of the Declaration of Independence away from modern readings and back to the Founders’ own intentions. Although the document justified separation from Britain, Sarson explains that the Continental Congress sought to do so on the basis of well-established principles in British law and political philosophy. He outlines those ideas in a serious but readable fashion. ― Journal of the American Revolution An original take on something we thought we knew everything about. Compelling and thought-provoking. It is the first serious engagement with the Declaration’s philosophical underpinnings in several decades, reorienting readers about the Declaration's central thrust, which was to put the Revolution into the long span of human history.― Robert Parkinson, Binghamton University, author of Heart of American Darkness: Bewilderment and Horror on the Early Frontier Steven Sarson is Professor of American Civilization at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 and the author of  British America, 1500-1800: Creating Colonies, Imagining an Empire.