U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas served on the Court for 36 years. He wrote more opinions and more dissents than any other Justice. Douglas was described as an invigorating presence on the Court and possessed unusual stamina, an unyielding will, and enormous courage.Douglas's achievements on and off the Court were astonishing. He was an adventurer, jurist, and environmentalist, whose writings and actions impacted the country for many years. He was also a hiker and climber. He organized hikes and other actions to protect the C&O Canal near Washington, D.C., Olympic Beach and Glacier Peak in Washington State, the Buffalo River in Arkansas, and areas along the Appalachian Trail. He was a prophet, visionary, pioneer, scout, and pathfinder. In reading The Footpaths of Justice William O. Douglas: A Legacy of Place, one accepts Douglas's invitation to hike with him, to visit a place with him and to "join him in a process of discovery and affirmation that is available to a free people in a spacious land." The Footpaths of Justice William O. Douglas A Legacy of Place By Tom R. Hulst iUniverse, Inc. Copyright © 2006 Tom R. Hulst All right reserved. ISBN: 978-0-595-33040-9 Contents Preface............................................................................viiAuthor's Notes.....................................................................xiiiForeword...........................................................................xviiChapter 1 The Early Years..........................................................1Chapter 2 Postsecondary Education and Early Career.................................7Chapter 3 Appointment to the US Supreme Court......................................14Chapter 4 Freedom of Speech........................................................21Chapter 5 Freedom of Religion......................................................29Chapter 6 Right of Privacy.........................................................35Chapter 7 Wilderness Leader........................................................49Chapter 8 Hiking as Political Action...............................................67Chapter 9 Hike along the C&O Canal.................................................74Chapter 10 The Mountains and Beaches of Olympic National Park......................91Chapter 11 Mount Adams.............................................................116Chapter 12 Mount St Helens.........................................................149Chapter 13 Mount Rainier...........................................................170Chapter 14 Salmon: River of No Return..............................................193Chapter 15 North Cascades..........................................................210Chapter 16 White Pass Corridor.....................................................232Chapter 17 William O Douglas Wilderness............................................239Chapter 18 Goat Rocks..............................................................251Chapter 19 World Citizen...........................................................272Afterword..........................................................................281References.........................................................................287Table of Hikes & Climbs in the Footpaths of William O. Douglas.....................297 Chapter One The Early Years Reverend William Douglas, father of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, grew up in Nova Scotia where his Scottish grandfather and father tended family farms. Pastor Douglas did not follow his forefathers into farming, however. He was interested in pursuing theological studies and a ministerial career in the Presbyterian Church. Douglas took his seminary training at Moody Bible Institute in Chicago then moved to Maine, Minnesota, to complete an "internship" at the Maine Presbyterian Church in 1895. Over six feet tall with penetrating blue eyes and distinguished beard, Douglas carried himself in a dignified manner. In Maine Douglas soon met Julia Fisk, a talented organist and devout member of the congregation. Born in 1872, Julia was a child of a farmer too, but her father died at the age of 46 and left the farm to Julia's mother, Salome—and eight children. Salome was a plucky wiry woman who milked the cows, plowed the fields and harvested the crops. Full of courage and determination she also raised eight children, two from a previous marriage. Julia, a twin, had a difficult early childhood weighing just two pounds at birth and did not walk until she was three. She grew strong and confident, however, as she worked around the farm and cared for her brothers and sisters. She possessed piercing blue eyes and reddish hair and, like her mother, was gritty, resolute, and purposeful. William Douglas and Julia Fisk hit it off immediately, began a six-month courtship, and married in 1896. It was not long before Julia bore the first of three children, a daughter in 1897,