The global growth of tourism has been matched by the significant growth in transport networks. In many ways, transport and tourism can be considered mutually dependent. Understanding the dimensions of tourism requires an understanding of how transport is governed, regulated and operated and how it subsequently facilitates tourism development. This book provides an overview of the relationships between various modes and types of transport and tourism. It views transport through various lenses, including inter-governmental regulations, national government regulation, the scope of transport networks and how this influences the shape of tourism, and the marketing and management of transport operations. The book ends with some considerations for the future of transport and tourism, including the management of environmental consequences and new forms of tourism-related transport. David Duval is one of the world's leading experts in aviation networks. This comprehensive textbook, also including a review of the role of marine and ground transport for tourism, is an insightful and very welcome addition to the scarce course literature in the field. ― Stefan Gössling, Department of Service Management, Lund University, Sweden This book provides an excellent overview of the key issues facing tourism and transport today at the global level, without losing sight of local impacts. It should appeal to those students who see transport as a key driver in international tourism. ― Paul Peeters, Professor of Sustainable Transport and Tourism, Breda University, The Netherlands David Timothy Duval is Senior Lecturer and Director of the International Business Programme at the University of Otago’s School of Business in Dunedin, New Zealand. He has written on aviation management, marketing and international regulatory environments and has consulted with several airlines in the Asia Pacific region. He is Editor of Tourism in the Caribbean (2004, Routledge) and Safety and Security in Tourism (with Dallen Timothy and C. Michael Hall, 2003, Haworth). David holds a PhD in Environmental Studies from York University. Tourism and Transport Modes, Networks and Flows By David Timothy Duval Multilingual Matters Copyright © 2007 David Timothy Duval All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-84541-063-6 Contents Acknowledgements, Permissions, Abbreviations, 1 Introduction – Manifestations of Transport and Tourism, 2 Tourism/Transport Relationships, 3 Transport Networks and Flows, 4 Ground Transport, 5 Marine Transport, 6 Air Transport, 7 Management of Transport Flows, 8 Transport and Tourism Marketing, 9 Future Trends in Tourism and Transport, Appendix, References, Index, CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: MANIFESTATIONS OF TRANSPORT AND TOURISM LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to 1. Understand the complex nature by which transport is tied to tourism and tourism development. 2. Assess and describe the scope of transport operations worldwide, particularly as they relate to travel flows and tourism development. 3. Distinguish and draw correlations between modes, networks and flows and their role (s) in the development of transport networks. 4. Outline the top issues facing transport provision in the context of tourism. 5. Discuss the role of the mode and type of transport in the context of decision-making systems. INTRODUCTION: A SITUATION ANALYSIS Transport has emerged as one of the more ubiquitous and complex global economic sectors. It forms the backbone of national and international commerce by acting as a mechanism for the movement of freight and people. As a result, growth in transport systems share synergies with growth in tourism, and vice versa. The global reach of tourist activities has, in part, been facilitated by the increase in accessibility of tourist 'places' on a global scale, and the popularity of holidays in western countries that make use of personal transport surged throughout the 20th century, thus spawning consistent demand for accessibility. Importantly, externalities that affect the viability of tourism at varying spatial levels (e.g. attractions, destinations, regions, global) can have flow-on effects to transport. As well, externalities that affect transport provision can impact on tourism demand and tourism development. Indeed, the events of 11 September 2001 in the United States demonstrated the fragility of the global tourism sector and associated transport industries. Global tourism has grown significantly in the past few decades (Figure 1.1), and even over the past century. The stagnant growth in global tourism between 2001 and 2003 seems to have begun a renewal beginning in 2004 and carrying through to early 2006 (UNWTO, 2005a, 2006). The scope for international travel, according to the IATA, is positive in some regions (e.g. Asia and Middle East) despite overall setbacks experienced in 2005 due to increased costs for fuel spurned by rising o