There is a broad and enduring international consensus that good governance and the rule of law are important for the attainment of sustainable development results. But recognizing that good governance is important for development is one thing; carrying out effective international programs to support improved governance is something very different. It seems logical that international cooperation efforts intended to help achieve such results should include programmatic support for these important elements. During the past 30 years the development cooperation agenda has expanded to include programs to strengthen a broad range of public institutions―parliaments, judicial systems, election bodies, municipal governments, anticorruption agencies, and human rights defenders―along with the related roles of civil society and the private sector. Over that time, lessons have been learned about working effectively in these sensitive areas at the intersection of economics, law, and politics. However, in many cases progress has been disappointing or the impact uncertain. James Michel, a nonresident senior adviser at CSIS, is an independent consultant in international development cooperation. Previously, he served in a number of senior positions in the U.S. government and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.